Youth in Nigeria: Agitations,
Accountability, and the Urgent Need for Strategic Rethinking
Author: Dr. Nana Akaeze and Dr.
Christian O. Akaeze
Abstract
Nigerian youths have become more vocal
and active in recent years. They now use social media and other platforms to
speak up against bad leadership and failed systems. This is a positive change
because many generations before now remained silent. However, some of today’s
youths are taking the wrong path. Instead of promoting unity, they are
spreading hate, division, tribalism, and even violence. Some are now calling
for the breakup of Nigeria, believing that forming new nations will solve our
problems. This article explains why that approach is harmful and how a better
solution is to adopt regional governance within a united Nigeria. It also
highlights how youths must take responsibility, embrace peaceful and innovative
strategies, and focus on building a better country for all.
Introduction: Youths Are Now Speaking
Up
Witnessing the current generation of
Nigerian youths speaking out with confidence is encouraging. Unlike previous
generations, they are unafraid to challenge authority, expose corruption, and
demand systemic change. Through the strategic use of social media, they have
brought numerous national issues to the forefront (Otive-Igbuzor, 2024).
Regarding mobilization, recent youth
movements such as #EndSARS and #NotTooYoungToRun spread
organically via social platforms and word of mouth. Influential celebrities
like Blaqboi Victor, Falz, and Runtown played pivotal roles by raising
awareness and rallying their followers, while others mobilized their peers at
the grassroots level (Otive-Igbuzor, 2024). This digital strategy starkly
contrasts with the student movements of the 1980s and 1990s, which lacked
access to such tools due to the era's technological limitations (Otive-Igbuzor,
2024).
Social media amplified these
movements' momentum and significantly shaped their messaging and public
engagement. The framing of their causes transitioned from online discourse into
mainstream national conversations (Otive-Igbuzor, 2024). In a country where
older generations often choose silence, this new wave of assertiveness from the
youth is genuinely refreshing.
Nigeria’s current political challenges
can be linked to a culture of silence and non-engagement that characterized
previous generations. This prolonged passivity allowed political figures like Olusegun
Obasanjo to remain influential for over six decades. As Angerbrandt and
Themnér (2021) observe, Obasanjo’s dominance in Nigerian politics was further
demonstrated by his behind-the-scenes role in attempting to amend the
constitution to permit a third presidential term—an effort widely believed to
have been orchestrated by him, even though he never publicly admitted his
intentions. Although the Senate rejected the constitutional amendment, Obasanjo
leveraged control over the ruling party and electoral institutions to ensure he
handpicked his successor (Schedler, 2002).
The former president (Obasanjo)’s later
statements reveal a deliberate effort to correct what he perceived as past
leadership selection mistakes. Reflecting on the 1979 transition, Obasanjo
stated that his government had failed to properly vet who would succeed them, a
misstep he claimed to have rectified (Searcey & Akinwotu, 2018). This
“correction” resulted in the selection of Umaru Yar’Adua, the brother of
his former Chief of Staff, as the presidential candidate. Yar’Adua's eventual
landslide victory occurred amid an election marred by widespread irregularities
and credibility concerns (Siollun, 2013). Obasanjo’s actions illustrate how
entrenched political figures have manipulated institutions and succession
processes, further entrenched elite dominance and contributed to Nigeria’s
ongoing democratic fragility. Likewise, Atiku Abubakar continues to run for
president despite long-standing accusations of corruption (Olukos, 2019).
Youths are now saying, “Enough is enough,” which is good. However, while the
voice is loud, the direction is not always correct.
The Problem: Good Energy, Wrong
Direction
Over time, many Nigerian youths have
channeled their activism into negative and divisive behaviors, including
cyberbullying and tribal attacks. Instead of serving as a tool for civic
engagement and truth, social media has increasingly become a platform for
spreading misinformation and deepening political polarization in the country
(Akindutire & Oluwatosin, 2023). As Nwozor et al. (2022) observed,
political supporters and segments of the electorate widely disseminated hate
speech during the 2019 presidential campaigns, often resorting to threats and
insults rather than promoting their candidates with facts and constructive
dialogue.
During recent elections, instead of
advancing political discourse with ideas and informed debate, some individuals
chose to weaponize social media to attack and intimidate fellow citizens.
Unfortunately, this behavior did not stop after the elections. Rather than
reflecting on the electoral experience and using it as a foundation for growth
and understanding, many turned their frustration and anger toward others, further
deepening divisions.
Even more troubling is the growing
frequency of calls for Nigeria’s disintegration. Some youth voices now advocate
splitting the country into smaller entities, such as Biafra or Oduduwa. For
example, the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), led by Nnamdi Kanu, represents
a separatist movement from the southeastern region of Nigeria, calling for the
creation of a sovereign Biafran state (Ojo & Lamidi, 2022). While such
sentiments may offer a quick solution to Nigeria’s complex problems,
fragmentation is unlikely to provide the lasting peace and equity many hope
for.
It is important to acknowledge that confident
youth leaders initially emerged with commendable courage, fresh ideas, and a
clear commitment to justice. However, as time passed, some of these figures drifted
from principled advocacy toward increasingly combative and counterproductive
methods. Omoyele Sowore once celebrated for his fearless journalism and civic
activism, has recently adopted a confrontational tone that borders on
militancy. Similarly, digital influencer The Very Dark Black Man, once
recognized for spotlighting social injustice and exposing corporate
irresponsibility, has allowed his platform to become an outlet for unchecked
rage, emotional outbursts, and provocative commentary.
What makes this shift particularly
disheartening is the level of hope and trust the youth once invested in these
individuals. Many Nigerians, especially youth, applauded them and viewed them
as emerging leaders capable of driving national transformation. Instead of
nurturing that trust and evolving into disciplined role models, they have often
mirrored the same recklessness, intolerance, and self-righteousness patterns that
have long hindered Nigeria’s leadership landscape.
True leadership does not thrive on
noise, personal attacks, antagonism, or egoism. It is built on wisdom,
patience, responsibility, and a clear vision for sustainable change. By
consistently choosing confrontation over constructive engagement, these voices
risk turning their platforms into distractions rather than instruments for meaningful
reform. Nigeria does not need more agitators; it needs builders and leaders who
will learn from past mistakes for a better tomorrow for all. Those who once
inspired hope must now make a crucial choice: whether they will be remembered
as part of the solution or as contributors to the chaos.
Why Division Is Not the Answer
Dividing Nigeria is not a solution to its longstanding challenges. Okoro
(2023) observed that socio-political restructuring alone will not resolve
deep-rooted issues such as ethnic tensions, religious politics, and bigotry.
The concern is that those currently mismanaging the nation would likely assume
leadership roles in any new breakaway states, thereby perpetuating the same governance
patterns. Bolarinwa and Osuji (2022) describe Nigeria’s political elite as individuals
who have occupied or continue to occupy influential positions across political,
economic, and social institutions. According to Ogbeide and Aghahowa (2005, p.
222), these elites are responsible for policy decisions that significantly
affect the life chances of ordinary Nigerians. In essence, restructuring
without addressing the core leadership dynamics may result in a change of
names, while injustice and corruption persist under different symbols and
banners.
Nigeria’s complex multicultural landscape further complicates the discourse.
The three major ethnic groups—the Hausa-Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba—dominate,
while various minority ethnic communities exist across the country's northern
and southern regions (Galadima, 2010, p. 13). In such a diverse society,
advantages often accrue to groups with larger populations, earlier access to
colonial systems, or greater educational advancement. These disparities
naturally fuel competition and intensify the struggle for equitable access to
national resources, political offices, and social privileges—a challenge that
has existed since independence in 1960 (Galadima, 2010, p. 13). As Rindap and
Mari (2014) explain, ethnic minorities have continually fought for inclusion,
fairness, and equal opportunity in the distribution of the nation’s wealth and
influence.
Compounding these issues is the rise in youth violence, which threatens not
only Nigeria’s internal unity but also its economic stability and regional
peace across West Africa (Bisina, 2021). Ethnic minorities are particularly
anxious, given the growing aggression of some youth movements. There is a
widespread fear that, in the event of national disintegration, minority groups
might face even greater marginalization within the newly formed nations.
Oko (1998) notes that the root of Nigeria’s crisis lies not in its unity but
in deeper systemic problems such as the over-centralization of power, the
absence of national consensus, and the fear of domination by one group over
others. In this context, a breakup may not bring the peace many expect.
Instead, it risks creating new fear, division, and instability. As Veenendaal
and Demarest (2020) argue, the fundamental issue is not national unity itself,
but the mechanisms through which power and resources are distributed. Nigeria's
true path toward sustainable peace and inclusive governance is addressing this
imbalance.
A Smarter Solution: Regional Governance Within One Nigeria
Nigeria's core challenge
is not disunity but the urgent need for restructuring. This restructuring
involves creating regional governments with greater autonomy over their resources,
development goals, and administrative operations, while maintaining the
integrity of a united nation.
Regional government refers
to a governance system where elected or appointed officials manage the affairs
of a specific region. These governments address local concerns, deliver
essential public services, and introduce policies that reflect the region’s unique
priorities. Although functioning within the boundaries of a national
constitution, regional governments operate above local government authorities
and are better positioned to respond to regional dynamics effectively.
Historically, Nigeria
embraced regional governance during the colonial and immediate post-colonial
periods. At that time, the country was divided into three prominent political
regions: Northern, Western, and Eastern. A Premier led each region and
exercised significant control over its internal affairs. This system remained
in place from 1914 until Nigeria achieved independence in 1960 and played a
vital role in shaping the early structure of the Nigerian federation (Yusuf,
2024). Nigeria is divided into six geopolitical zones: North Central, Northeast,
Northwest, Southwest, Southeast, and South-South. These zones comprise 36
states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), further broken into 774 local
government areas.
With over 500 languages
and more than 400 ethnic groups, Nigeria is one of the most culturally diverse
countries in the world. The current geopolitical framework was introduced
during General Sani Abacha’s regime in 1993. However, the foundation for regional
governance predates this era and is embedded in Nigeria’s earlier three-region
federal structure (Yusuf, 2024). Reviving and modernizing a regional governance
model—grounded in historical precedent—offers a balanced and intelligent
pathway for managing Nigeria’s vast ethnic, cultural, and economic diversity.
It would allow each region to thrive on its strengths, while remaining united
under a national identity. More importantly, addressing the restructuring issue
without delay is critical. Failure to act may exacerbate existing grievances,
fuel separatist sentiments, and potentially lead to widespread civil unrest
(Jooji, 2019).
Benefits of Regional Governance:
Regional governance offers several important benefits for a diverse country
like Nigeria. First, each region can manage its natural resources, economy,
education, and culture. This allows regions to make decisions that best suit
their local needs and priorities. Second, regional governance increases
accountability. Local leaders can no longer blame the federal government for
every problem—they are directly responsible for what happens in their region, encouraging
better leadership.
Third, this system can help reduce tribal and ethnic tensions. When people
have more control over their affairs, they feel more included and respected,
even while remaining part of a united Nigeria. Fourth, regional governance
encourages healthy competition. When empowered, regions often strive to perform
better than others, promoting innovation, growth, and development across the
country. Finally, it provides stronger protection for minorities. Instead of
breaking Nigeria into smaller countries where some groups might face
discrimination or oppression, regional governance allows everyone to have a
voice while still being part of one nation.
1. Enhancing Policy Responsiveness and Regional Development
Regional governance empowers regions to design and implement place-based
development strategies. Because regional authorities are closer to local
realities, they are better positioned to coordinate sectoral policies, leverage
local assets, and facilitate meaningful dialogue across levels of government
and stakeholders, including civil society and private enterprises (OECD, 2016).
2. Protecting Cultural and Ethnic Diversity
One of the motivations for regional governance is to preserve the unique
historical, cultural, ethnic, or linguistic identities of different
territories. Regions with strong cultural identities, such as indigenous
populations or historically autonomous communities, can use regional structures
to safeguard and promote their heritage while participating in national
development (OECD, 2016).
3. Improving Governance Efficiency
Regional governance helps streamline the allocation of responsibilities
across government levels, reducing policy overlaps and fragmentation. By
clarifying administrative roles and reducing duplication, regional reforms can
lead to more efficient delivery of public services and better use of resources
(OECD, 2016).
4. Strengthening Democratic Accountability
Regional governance can improve democratic participation by establishing
directly elected regional bodies. These institutions enhance transparency,
accountability, and local ownership of public decisions, contributing to a more
inclusive and representative governance system (OECD, 2016).
5. Increasing Strategic and Fiscal Capacity
Regions with devolved authority often possess greater fiscal capacity and
decision-making autonomy. This allows them to manage infrastructure better,
deliver public services at scale, and pursue economic development tailored to
regional needs. Federal countries demonstrate higher regional spending—up to
35.2% of total public expenditure—compared to only 8.7% in unitary states,
reflecting this increased capacity (OECD, 2016).
Examples from Other Countries
Several countries have effectively embraced regional or federal systems to
manage diversity, enhance governance, and maintain national unity.
Germany operates a federal system in which state
governments manage local affairs such as education and public administration,
while the national government handles matter like defense and foreign policy.
The country’s governance is built on cooperative federalism, power sharing, and
the autonomy of its federal states. Administrative reforms follow a bottom-up,
incremental model, and civil society organizations actively participate in
policy evaluation and dialogue with government institutions (Ayhan &
Lahdili, 2022).
Switzerland offers a unique example of regional
governance rooted in the sovereignty of its cantons. Each canton exercises
independent control over key sectors, including education, healthcare, and
policing. Unlike centralized states, Switzerland’s unity is not based on
ethnicity or language, but on democratic engagement and voluntary association
among cantons. Political identity in Switzerland is more closely aligned with
regional affiliation than linguistic or ethnic divisions. Multilingual regions
like Valais and Ticino chose inclusion in the confederation for broader
political participation, illustrating how decentralized governance can support
cohesion in a diverse society (Schoch, 2000).
Canada also exemplifies strong regional
governance. Its provinces control essential services such as healthcare,
education, and transportation, making it one of the most decentralized federal
systems globally. Despite cultural and linguistic tensions—especially between
English-speaking Canada and French-speaking Quebec—the country has maintained
unity through constitutional negotiations and provincial autonomy. While
challenges persist, especially around interprovincial economic integration and
cultural identity, Canada demonstrates that effective regional governance can
accommodate diverse interests and reduce national tensions (Fry, 1985).
These case studies show that decentralization, through federalism or
regional autonomy, can promote national stability, empower local
decision-making, and protect cultural diversity. Nigeria, with its ethnic and
regional complexity, can draw valuable lessons from these models to restructure
its governance in a way that strengthens unity while respecting local autonomy.
The Role of Youths in Cultism and Criminal Activities
Many young Nigerians have tragically redirected their energy and talents
into destructive paths in recent years. One of the most concerning trends is
their involvement in cult groups and student fraternities that have transformed
into violent organizations. Founded initially as student associations to
promote camaraderie and shared ideals, these groups have evolved into networks
that perpetrate violence, engage in extortion, and serve as political thugs
(Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 2009). What began as platforms for
social bonding among students has become a source of fear and chaos on
university campuses. Over time, these cults have splintered and become rivals,
frequently clashing in deadly confrontations. The activities linked to these
groups include robbery, rape, extortion, and murder (Pambazuka News, 2009;
Aluede & Oniyama, 2009; The Economist, 2008; Kpangban et al., 2008).
Campuses such as the University of Ibadan, the Polytechnic Ibadan, the
University of Benin, and Ambrose Alli University have witnessed recurring
violence attributed to cult activities (Pambazuka News, 2009). There are also
reports that such groups are beginning to infiltrate private universities,
though specific examples were not cited (Pambazuka News, 2009). According to
The Economist (2008) and the United Nations (2007), student cult violence has
resulted in the deaths of hundreds of individuals over the past two decades.
Academic researchers Aluede and Oniyama (2009) further confirm that fatalities
linked to cult clashes have occurred at several institutions, including Enugu
State University, Obafemi Awolowo University, Delta State University, and
Federal Polytechnic.
Beyond the universities, these cult groups have extended their influence
into broader society. Some youth now fight over symbols, colors, and
territorial control, contributing to a climate of fear and instability in
Nigerian communities. This destructive behavior undermines national development
and threatens the safety of all citizens. True leadership among youth is not
measured by force or intimidation. It is demonstrated through integrity,
compassion, and service. Nigerian youths must rise above cultism and crime to
become protectors, not destroyers, of their generation.
Recommendations: What Nigerian Youths
Should Do
If Nigerian youths want to take charge of the future, they must act
wisely. Here are some ways they can help shape a better country:
Say No to Division and Violence
Nigeria’s greatest challenge is not its people's diversity, but the division
promoted by those who exploit our differences for personal or political gain.
Instead of calling for the breakup of Nigeria, we must channel our energy
toward building a better, fairer, and more inclusive system within a united
nation. Disunity only weakens our potential; unity built on equity and justice
strengthens us all. According to Omisore (2018), Nigeria faces several serious
challenges to its national unity. One of these is nepotism—a
practice where those in power give special favors, jobs, and appointments to
their relatives or close friends. This behavior undermines equal opportunity
and erodes public trust in leadership.
Another significant issue is a skewed federal system.
Nigeria’s federal structure, which was initially designed to provide fair
access to opportunities for all regions, is now seen as benefiting only certain
areas. This imbalance has created feelings of exclusion among many citizens. Excessive
political rivalry also threatens unity. The intense competition
for power between North and South politicians has increased regional tensions
and made cooperation more difficult.
In addition, terrorism has
destabilized parts of the country. Groups like Boko Haram have rejected Western
education and promoted religious extremism, especially in the northern region.
This has caused fear and division among Nigerians based on religious beliefs. The
rise of the
Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), led by Nnamdi Kanu, has
also fueled division. IPOB advocates for the secession of the Igbo ethnic group
due to perceived marginalization. While their concerns may stem from historical
grievances, pushing for separation has increased disunity and political unrest.
Niger Delta militancy is another long-standing
issue. The conflict began in the early 1990s when communities like the Ogoni
and Ijaw protested environmental degradation and the exploitation of their
resources. The unrest has discouraged regional investment and affected the
nation’s economic stability. Lastly, the Fulani
herdsmen-farmer clashes have further damaged national unity.
Violent disputes over land between nomadic cattle herders and local farmers
have caused fear and hostility. In response, some states have restricted
herders’ movements, further straining ethnic relations (Ngafi, Afolabi, &
Welgba, 2022).
These challenges highlight the urgent need for honest dialogue, inclusive
policies, and leadership committed to unity and justice for all Nigerians. Nigerians
must reject violence and agitation to heal these divisions and embrace
dialogue, reform, and inclusive governance. True unity does not mean
suppressing differences—it means building a nation where every group sees
itself reflected and respected in the national framework. The citizens of
Nigeria must say no to division and yes to a peaceful, united country.
Cultism and youth violence have become deeply rooted problems in Rivers
State, reflecting deeper issues of social decay and leadership failure
(Mezie-Okoye & Durueke, 2020). Violent groups such as Iceland, Greenland,
and Deybam operate freely in many communities, spreading fear and silencing
opposition. What began in universities has now spread to primary and secondary
schools. This rise is fueled mainly by poverty, unemployment, broken homes, and
negative peer influence (Akani, 1996).
Research shows that young people from homes without fathers are more likely
to join gangs or commit crimes (Harper & McLanahan, 2004). Unfortunately,
some politicians use these cult groups as thugs during elections. After
elections, the weapons given to them are turned against innocent people
(Mezie-Okoye & Durueke, 2020). To stop this dangerous cycle, society must
say no to cultism and violence. Families, schools, and faith institutions must
work together to guide and support the youth. Nigeria's future depends on it.
Additionally, Nigerian youths should champion the cause of regional
governance, advocating for systems that allow local communities to take charge
of their development agenda. When people are empowered to make decisions directly
affecting their economic growth, education, and infrastructure, they are more
likely to build sustainable solutions reflecting local realities. Promoting
laws and restructuring policies that grant regions the authority to manage resources
and prioritize development goals is essential to achieving equitable national
progress (OECD, 2016). In the digital age, social media holds tremendous
potential for youth-driven transformation. Instead of fueling tribalism,
misinformation, and insults, young Nigerians should leverage social platforms
to educate, unite, and influence public policy in positive ways. These
platforms can be powerful tools for raising awareness about reform, civic
engagement, and cross-cultural understanding (Nwozor et al., 2022).
Nigeria's greatest strength lies in its cultural diversity, and the youth
must lead in protecting and celebrating this asset. By respecting different
ethnic traditions and fostering mutual understanding, young people can counter
the narratives of division and hate. Cultural respect strengthens national
unity and paves the way for peaceful coexistence and shared identity among the
country's many groups (Ngafi, Afolabi, & Welgba, 2022). Finally, Nigerian
youth must build partnerships across regions. Young people from the North,
South, East, and West must collaborate on initiatives that transcend ethnic and
religious lines. This cooperative spirit will help develop a shared vision for
Nigeria’s future rooted in inclusiveness, innovation, and hope.
Conclusion: Let’s Rebuild Nigeria, Not
Break It
Nigeria faces many serious challenges, but dividing the country is not
the answer. True change can happen if we commit to transforming our mindset and
actions (Jun & Lee, 2023). Nigerian youths can reshape the nation, not
through anger or violence but wisdom, unity, and constructive engagement.
Rather than tearing the country down, let us be the generation that builds it
up. The future of Nigeria is in the hands of its youth. However, for that
future to be bright, young people must be willing to lead with love, strategy,
and vision. Let us work toward a nation where every voice is heard, all regions
prosper, and every citizen feels included and valued (Herringshaw, 2018). Now
is the time to stand together—not as divided groups, but as one people,
committed to rebuilding a stronger and united Nigeria.
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